Advances in state-of-art valorization technologies for captured CO₂ toward sustainable carbon cycle

Valorization of captured CO₂ is an important but challenging topic since CO₂ is a stable and relatively inert compound. Nonetheless, CO₂ valorization technologies should be sought after, because they can offer an opportunity for the sustainable carbon cycle towards a circular economy by creating value-added products and generate revenues from CO₂. This paper provides an overview of state-of-the-art valorization technologies for captured CO₂, including (1) supercritical CO₂ as a reactive solvent, (2) mineralization of CO₂ as inorganic carbonates, (3) catalytic reduction of CO₂ into organic fuel for transport, (4) transformation of CO₂ to value-added chemicals, and (5) biological CO₂ utilization. The principles and application, in terms of CO₂ conversion performance and environmental benefits of each technology, are reviewed in detail. In addition, the perspectives and prospects of CO₂ valorization technologies as a portfolio solution are provided to achieve the effective CO₂ reduction while minimizing social and economic costs in the near future.