Biomass-Based CO₂ Methanation: Recent Progress and Technological Developments

To address the pressing issue of climate change driven by increasing greenhouse gas emissions, CO₂ methanation technology, which supports both direct CO₂-to-methane conversion and processes utilizing CO as an intermediate, has emerged as a promising solution for converting CO₂ into methane. Unlike previous reviews that focused primarily on thermodynamic reactions and catalysts, this review provides a broader perspective by examining biomass-based CO₂ methanation. Synthetic natural gas gasification, anaerobic digestion, and pyrolysis were explored. Specifically, their mechanisms, catalytic performance, and efficiencies were compared, and ways in which their effectiveness could be enhanced are proposed. This review highlights the potential of biomass-driven CO₂ methanation technologies and provides new research directions for advancing sustainable energy production and achieving carbon neutrality.