Electrification pathways toward transport decarbonization with a systematic review

This systematic review evaluates electrification pathways as a cornerstone of transportation decarbonization. Road transport contributes approximately 23% of global energy-related carbon emissions, making the transition to electric vehicles (EVs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) a key strategy for achieving net-zero goals by 2050. By synthesizing 78 peer-reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2024, this review examines four key domains: the environmental benefits of EV adoption, advancements in charging infrastructure, integration of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems, and the role of policy frameworks. The findings indicate that EVs can reduce lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions by up to 70% compared with internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), depending on grid carbon intensity and infrastructure readiness. Technologies such as dynamic wireless charging and V2G systems enhance grid stability and renewable energy integration by enabling bidirectional energy flow. However, insufficient charging infrastructure in low-resource regions and misalignment of EV adoption with renewable energy capacity remain significant barriers. This review identifies actionable strategies to address these challenges, including public–private partnerships, dynamic pricing models, and financial incentives. Region-specific policies that address disparities in grid emissions and infrastructure are critical. By bridging these gaps, electrification can accelerate the transition to sustainable mobility systems and play a pivotal role in advancing global decarbonization objectives.