Energy–environment–society relations in early modern Korea: Lessons learned from the electrification of Seoul, 1876–1905

This study explores the relationship between energy, the environment, and society in early modern Korea, after its initial contact with electricity and fossil fuels. After reviewing the literature and original sources, the study reached four findings. First, the introduction of electricity and new energy sources was intensely pursued under the belief that civilization and enlightenment based on electricity, fossil fuels, and their relevant Western technologies could help Korea retain its national sovereignty and compete with imperial powers during the gaehwa period. Second, the traditional Korean worldview regarding the interrelationship between humans and nature was partially changed by the introduction of electricity and new energy sources. Third, using electricity and new energy sources changed the way traditional social relations were experienced in Korea, as well as conventional notions of time and space. Lastly, Seoulites in early modern Korea were psychologically prepared to accept and become familiar with electricity and new energy sources, which eventually became the foundation for mentally reorienting Korea toward future industrialization.