Integrated sensor orientation simulator: Design and implementation

The results of Integrated Sensor Orientation (ISO) depend heavily on its input parameters. In real applications, it is difficult to determine how much ISO could improve the accuracy of directly measured Exterior Orientation (EO) parameters and under which conditions of tie-points. This paper discusses an implementation of an ISO simulator that offers the operators the ability to explore the optimum configurations that lead to their accuracy requirements for EOs. The results obtained from the simulator correspond to those from existing research, suggesting that the proposed simulator can be a useful tool to assist the photogrammetrist in flight planning and on-site verification of data acquisition.