Non-volatile, Li-doped ion gel electrolytes for flexible WO₃-based electrochromic devices

Flexible electrochromic devices (ECDs) based on Li-doped ion gels and tungsten trioxide (WO₃) are demonstrated. Colored ECDs cannot be produced using conventional ion gels comprised of copolymers and room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) due to a lack of cations that can be inserted into WO₃. Based on considerations of the coloration mechanism, we developed Li-doped ion gels and applied these to devices. The effects of Li salt concentration are systematically examined, with respect to device dynamics, coloration efficiency, and transmittance contrast. In addition, the coloration/bleaching switching stability of the ECD produced using optimal Li salt content is investigated. The ECD exhibits distinct colored and bleached states even after 24 h operation in air. Using the described Li-doped ion gel electrolytes, flexible WO₃ ECDs were successfully demonstrated with good bending stability and no electrolyte leakage.