Ornamental Expression and Technology in 3D-Printed Facades Comparative Analysis of Facades Manufactured by Material Extrusion in Professional Practices-

3D printing (3DP), also known as additive manufacturing (AM), utilizes material extrusion to construct structures by layering materials. This technology has transformed architectural design, material selection, and construction, allowing for the creation of customized designs, optimized structures, and intricate geometries. Recent advancements in 3DP for construction have focused on scaling up material extrusion equipment and exploring sustainable materials such as biodegradable bioplastics and ceramics. In facade design, 3DP represents a significant technological leap, offering innovative approaches that enhance both aesthetic and functional building performance. This study explores the ornamental potential of architectural facades through the use of 3DP technology, with an emphasis on material extrusion. By examining cases from Branch Technology, Aectual, Nagami, and Studio RAP, the research investigates the technological characteristics, implementation methods, expressive techniques, ornamental elements, and expressive meanings of 3DP-generated ornaments. The research demonstrates how 3DP technology facilitates the integration of ornament and function, enabling customized and distinctive designs that enrich building identity and convey cultural and social messages. The findings emphasize the need for further development of integrated design methodologies, as comparative analysis of the four case studies reveals 3DP’s potential to redefine architectural aesthetics and construction practices.