Perspective of Interface Engineering in Organic Photovoltaics for Artificial Light Harvesting

Indoor organic photovoltaics (IOPVs), in which the integration of various layers—self-assembled monolayer (SAM), electron transport layer (ETL), hole transport layer (HTL), and the photoactive layer—is crucial to achieve efficient energy conversion, have advanced owing to the pursuit of sustainable energy. However, the problems associated with these layers, which are exacerbated by the disturbances caused by connecting electrodes, hinder seamless IOPV operation. One of the core layers, the SAM, is affected by problems related to consistency, stability, and compatibility. The ETL and HTL are affected by problems such as low carrier mobility, etching, and phase separation. The photoactive layer is plagued by poor charge separation and light absorption. Moreover, the electrodes that connect these layers cause disruptions owing to variations in the materials and interfacial imperfections. Multidisciplinary approaches that combine interface engineering, device physics, and materials science are needed to solve these disruptive problems. Therefore, in this article, attempts are made to investigate prospective solutions by navigating these disruptive issues to improve the efficiency and dependability of IOPVs. In addressing the disruptive issues outlined, the work aims to pave the way for enhanced efficiency, reliability, and scalability of IOPVs, thus contributing to the broader advancement of sustainable energy technologies.