Photocatalytic reactivity of carbon–nitrogen– sulfur-doped tio₂ upconversion phosphor composites

Sol–gel synthesized N-doped and carbon–nitrogen–sulfur (CNS)-doped TiO₂ solutions were deposited on upconversion phosphor using a dip coating method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging showed that there was a change in the morphology of TiO₂ coated on NaYF₄:Yb,Er from spherical to nanorods caused by additional urea and thiourea doping reagents. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy further verified the existence of nitrate–hyponitrite, carboxylate, and SO₄²⁻ because of the doping effect. NaYF₄:Yb,Er composites coated with N-and CNS-doped TiO₂ exhibited a slight shift of UV-Vis spectra towards the visible light region. Photodecomposition of methylene blue (MB) was evaluated under 254 nm germicidal lamps and a 300 W Xe lamp with UV/Vis cut off filters. The photodegradation of toluene was evaluated on TiO₂/NaYF₄:Yb,Er and CNS-doped TiO₂/NaYF₄:Yb,Er samples under UV light illumination. The photocatalytic reactivity with CNS-doped TiO₂/NaYF₄:Yb,Er surpassed that of the undoped TiO₂/NaYF₄:Yb,Er for the MB solution and toluene. Photocatalytic activity is increased by CNS doping of TiO₂, which improves light sensitization as a result of band gap narrowing due to impurity sites.