Plant extract mediated cost-effective tin oxide nanoparticles: A review on synthesis, properties, and potential applications

In the last few decades, nanotechnology a branch of science has become the soul of all the research and developments in the modern era of science and technology. Metal oxide nanoparticles have majorly contributed to almost all the domains working on nanoscale. In them, tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO₂ NPs) gained a lot of fame among the researchers owing to its interdisciplinary applications. There are multiple physical and chemical methods exist for the synthesis of different size and shapes nanostructures, which are now obsolete due to their energy requirements and toxic nature. Now a days, green synthesis has however taken over them and is the most used fabrication technique. In recent years, SnO₂ NPs have been synthesized via plant mediated synthesis, biomolecules and using microorganisms (referred to as biosynthesis). Various properties of the green synthesized nanoparticles have also been discovered through different analytical techniques. This review deals with the differently mediated green synthesis of SnO₂ NPs, their properties, and multidisciplinary applications.