Recent advances in wide solar spectrum active W₁₈O₄₉-based photocatalysts for energy and environmental applications

Developing a facile and proficient strategy for photocatalysis using abundant solar light will result in a clean and renewable process for solving energy and environmental pollution issues. Semiconductor (SC)-based transition metal oxides are used widely, especially, oxygen-deficient tungsten oxide (W₁₈O₄₉) is expected to play an important role in photocatalytic applications because of its abundance, low cost, nontoxicity, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) response, chemical stability, and efficient charge transfer nature. This current review highlights the significance of different modifications in morphological, structural, SC coupling strategies and their influence on photocatalytic applications such as; H₂ evaluation, CO₂ reduction, and degradation of organics/heavy metal ion treatments. Further, the charge carrier pathways in different heterojunction mechanisms and their role on the photocatalytic activity also discussed in detail. This review highlights new directions and future advancements for developing highly efficient wide-spectrum active W₁₈O₄₉-based SC photocatalysts.