Review on metallic nanoparticles induced toxicity on renal function and overall health of kidneys

Recently, innovative developments have been made in the rapidly developing field of nanotechnology. However, toxicity due to long-term exposure to various types of metal-based nanoparticles, especially metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, is gradually increasing. The kidney is prone to toxin-induced impairment because it is one of the main organs for eliminating multiple potentially dangerous substances, including nanoparticles (NPs), from mammals. However, the mechanisms underlying cytotoxicity triggered by various NPs have not yet been reported. This review summarizes the various mechanisms involved in metal-based nanoparticle-induced nephrotoxicity, focusing on Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production, which leads to oxidative stress and apoptosis. The mechanisms by which metal-based NPs cause serious side effects in the renal system and the specific toxicity of different types of metal NPs are also summarized.