Saturable absorption dynamics of highly stacked 2d materials for ultrafast pulsed laser production

This review summarizes recent developments of saturable absorbers (SAs) based on 2D materials for nonlinear optical absorption and ultrafast pulsed laser generation. Apart from graphene, various 2D materials such as topological insulators and transition metal dichalcogenides are investigated for SA applications and their important potential as passive mode-lockers for femtosecond laser production are extensively investigated. By selecting appropriate 2D materials, a wide spectral range of passively mode-locked pulsed lasers are obtained, covering visible, midinfrared and a terahertz region. A set of different approaches is used for fabricating SA modules of fiber laser photonics, which include sandwiching, side-polishing and tapering methods. Noticeably, through systematic studies, it is demonstrated that layer-stacking seldom deteriorates the SA performance of 2D materials in the evanescent regime, although their ultrathin nature may improve the efficiency in a transmission mode like sandwich-type SAs. The direction for designing new SAs is presented based on material characterization.