Spatially Controlled Doping via High Diffusion Dynamics in Perovskite Nanocrystals for Efficient and Stable CO₂ Reduction Photocatalysis

A well-designed and precisely engineered electronic structure in heavily doped perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) is critical for the development of high-performance photocatalysts. However, strategies to enhance doping density with various dopants are considerably limited due to lattice stress-induced structural instability. In this study, a novel high-diffusion-driven doping method was developed to control doping sites with high doping density for PNCs. Inner-site and surface doping with distinct dopants can be separately introduced in a one-pot procedure. Inner-site dopants were chosen to control the carrier transfer efficiency and structural stability, while surface dopants were selected for creating effective active sites for the target reaction. As a result, doped PCNs via high-diffusion-driven method demonstrated effective CO₂ to ethanol conversion under AM1.5 illumination.