Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a primary line of defense against invading pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.1,2 Recognition of conserved microbial components by these receptors triggers innate immune responses that result in inflammation, antiviral responses, and maturation of dendritic cells, and ultimately leads to the clearance of the infectious agents. TLRs contain extracellular domains with leucine-rich repeats for ligand binding and intracellular Toll/interleukin- 1 receptor (TIR) domains for signaling. The ligand binding domain of a TLR recognizes various pathogen-associated molecules, including lipopeptide (ligand of TLR2), double-stranded RNA (TLR3), lipopolysaccharide (TLR4), flagellin (TLR5), single-stranded RNA (TLR7), and unmethylated CpG DNA (TLR9).3,4 The intracellular TIR domain interacts with TIR domains in adaptor molecules such as MyD88, TIRAP, TRIF, and TRAM to initiate pathogen-specific immune responses,5,6.
Original language | English |
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Title of host publication | Nucleic Acids in Innate Immunity |
Publisher | CRC Press |
Pages | 3-16 |
Number of pages | 14 |
ISBN (Electronic) | 9781420068269 |
ISBN (Print) | 9781420068252 |
State | Published - 1 Jan 2008 |