Synthesis of tin and tin oxide nanoparticles using liquid phase plasma in an aqueous solution

Liquid phase plasma method was applied to the synthesis of Sn nanoparticles. Tin chloride was used as the tin precursor. Dendrite-shaped particles were formed at the initial stage of the reaction, while spherical nanoparticles were generated at longer discharge time. When the discharge time was too long (longer than 50 min in this study), anisotropic SnO₂ nanoparticles were produced. With increasing dosage of Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, used as the surfactant, the Sn particle size decreased, while the degree of dispersion of the particles increased. Higher electrical conductivity of the reactant solution resulted in the production of larger Sn nanoparticles. The solution pH decreased with increasing plasma discharge time until 50 min, after which pH slightly increased, co-occurring with the formation of SnO ₂ nanoparticles.