Unravelling the chemistry of PFAS transfer from packaging to food

Background: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pose significant risks to both human health and the environment. One of their common applications is in food packaging, which serves as a direct source of human exposure. The migration of PFAS from food packaging into food is a chemically complex and context-dependent process that has significant implications for public health and environmental safety. Scope and approach: This review explores PFAS chemistry, migration from food packaging and factors involved in the migration of PFAS from food contact materials (FCM) into food. Conclusion: The migration of PFAS from food packaging into food is a chemically complex that has significant health implications. Currently, highly sensitive and specific methods like LC-MS/MS have been approved by FDA for food and feed and EPA for water. With PFAS levels varying globally, emerging tools, including ML algorithms and advanced analytical techniques, are increasingly applied for detection, monitoring, and toxicity assessment, underscoring the need for harmonized regulations and coordinated international efforts to safeguard public health.