Wnt/β-catenin signalling: From plasma membrane to nucleus

Wnt/β-catenin signalling plays essential roles in embryonic development as well as tissue homoeostasis in adults. Thus abnormal regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling is linked to a variety of human diseases, including cancer, osteoporosis and Alzheimer's disease. Owing to the importance of Wnt signalling in a wide range of biological fields, a better understanding of its precise mechanisms could provide fundamental insights for therapeutic applications.Although many studies have investigated the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling, our knowledge remains insufficient due to the complexity and diversity of Wnt signalling. It is generally accepted that the identification of novel regulators and their functions is a prerequisite to fully elucidating the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Recently, several novel modulators of Wnt signalling have been determined through multiple genetic and proteomic approaches. In the present review, we discuss the mechanistic regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling by focusing on the roles of these novel regulators.